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<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td>
<div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="history.html%23Early_C"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early C</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2">
<a href="history.html%23Standard_C"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Standard C</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="history.html%23Future_development"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Future development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="history.html%23References"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Early C">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_C">Early C</span>
</h2>
<ul><li> 1969: B created, based on BCPL, to replace PDP-7 assembler as the system programming language for Unix
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> added operators ++, --, compound assignment, remained a typeless language like BCPL
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1971: NB ("new B") created when porting B to PDP-11
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> types (int, char, arrays and pointers), array-to-pointer conversion, compilation to machine code
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1972: Language renamed to C
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> structs, operators &amp;&amp; and ||, preprocessor, portable I/O
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1973: Unix re-written in C
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> unsigned, long, unions, enumerations, increased type safety
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1978: The C Programming Language, 1st edition
</li></ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Standard C">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_C">Standard C</span>
</h2>
<ul>
<li> 1983: ANSI established X3J11 committee
</li>
<li> 1988: The C Programming Language, 2nd edition
</li>
<li> 1989: <code><b>C89</b></code>, the ANSI C standard published
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li> codified existing practices
</li>
<li> new features: volatile, enum, signed, void
</li>
<li> From C++: const, function prototypes
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li> 1990: the ANSI standard accepted as ISO/IEC 9899-1990
</li>
<li> 1995: <code><b>C95</b></code> (ISO/IEC 9899 AM1)
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li> multibyte character support (wchar_t and all wide and multibyte character functions, wchar.h, wctype.h, and those added to existing headers and corresponding changes to stream I/O, etc)
</li>
<li> digraphs, iso646.h, 
</li>
</ol>
<ul><li> 1995: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR1)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc1.htm">44 small changes</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1996: Technical corrigendum 2 (ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR2)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc2.htm">24 small changes</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1999: <code><b>C99</b></code> (ISO/IEC 9899:1999)
</li></ul>
<ol>
<li> new features: bool, long long, stdint.h, inttypes.h, restrict, compound literals, variable length arrays, flexible array members, designated initializers, fenv.h, variadic macros, complex numbers, __func__, hexadecimal floating point format (%a), monetary formatting in lconv, isblank, concatenation of narrow and wide string literals, trailing comma in enumerations, empty arguments in function-like macros, STDC_* pragmas, va_copy, null return of tmpnam, null pointer in setvbuf, hh and ll lengthspecifiers in printf, snprintf, _Exit, tgmath.h, POSIX-like strftime specifiers
</li>
<li> from C++: inline, mix declarations and code, declarations in the init clause of the for loop, <code><b>//</b></code> comments, universal character names in source code
</li>
<li> removed implicit functions and implicit int
</li>
</ol>
<ul><li> 2001: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.1:2001(E))
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/9899tc1/">11 defects fixed</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul>
<li> 2004: Technical corrigendum 2 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.2:2004(E))
</li>
<li> 2004: Unicode TR (ISO/IEC TR 19769:2004)
</li>
<li> 2007: Technical corrigendum 3 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.3:2007(E))
</li>
</ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> deprecated <span class="t-lc"><a href="../io/gets.html" title="c/io/gets">gets</a></span>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul>
<li> 2007: Bounds-checking interfaces TR (ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007)
</li>
<li> 2009: Decimal floating-point TR (ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009)
</li>
<li> 2010: Dynamic allocations functions TR (ISO/IEC TR 24731-2:2010)
</li>
<li> 2011: <code><b>C11</b></code> (ISO/IEC 9899:1999) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf">April 12, 2011 draft</a>)
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li> thread-aware memory model, stdatomic.h, threads.h, type-generic functions, alignas/alignof, noreturn, static assert, analyzability extensions, extensions to complex and imaginary types, anonymous structures and unions, exclusive file open mode. quick_exit
</li>
<li> removed <span class="t-lc"><a href="../io/gets.html" title="c/io/gets">gets</a></span>
</li>
<li> from Bounds-checking interfaces TR: bounds-checking interfaces, 
</li>
<li> from Unicode TR: char16_t, char32_t, and uchar.h
</li>
</ol>
<ul><li> 2012: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul><li> 2 minor bug fixes
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 2013: Secure Coding Rules TS (ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1624.pdf">2012 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Future development">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Future_development">Future development</span>
</h3>
<ul><li> Floating-point extensions TS (ISO/IEC TS 18661, supersedes ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009). 2013/2014 draft: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/JTC1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1778.pdf">part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1781.pdf">part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1789.pdf">part 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1790.pdf">part 4</a>, part 5)
</li></ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span>
</h3>
<ul>
<li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html">The Development of the C Language</a> by Dennis M. Ritchie
</li>
<li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http%3A//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/C99RationaleV5.10.pdf">Rationale for the C99 standard</a>
</li>
</ul>

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